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In
political geography, an
enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country,{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enclave|title=6 results for: enclave|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2007-01-09--> and an
exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/exclave|title=4 results for: exclave|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2007-01-09--> Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but not all are simultaneously both.
Origin and usage
The word
enclave crept into the
jargon of
diplomacy rather late in English language, in 1868, coming from
French language, the
lingua franca of
diplomacy, with a sense inherited from late Latin
inclavatus meaning 'shut in, locked up" (with a key, late Latin
clavis). The word
exclave is a logical extension created three decades later.
Although the meanings of both words are close, an exclave may not necessarily be an enclave or vice versa. For example, Kaliningrad, an exclave of
Russia, is not an enclave because it is surrounded not by one state, but by two: Lithuania and Poland; it also borders the
Baltic Sea. On the other hand, Lesotho is an enclave in South Africa, but it is not politically attached to anything else, meaning that it is not an exclave.
In
United Kingdom administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called
detachments. In
England ecclesiology history, subnational enclaves were known as
peculiars (see also
Royal Peculiar).
A country almost surrounded by another but having access to the sea is not considered to be an enclave. For this reason, The Gambia is not an enclave of
Senegal.
Usage in other fields
In medicine, an
exclave is a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.
Characteristics
Enclaves may be created for a variety of historical,
political or
geographical reasons. Some areas have been left as enclaves simply due to changes in the course of a river.
Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed.
Many exclaves today have an
independence movement, especially if the exclave is far away from the mainland.
True enclaves
See List of enclaves and exclaves.
This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering one particular other country. The best-known example was
West Berlin, before the reunification of
Germany, which was
de facto a
West Germany exclave within
East Germany, and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as
Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters).
De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
Most of the enclaves now existing are to be found in Asia, with a handful in Africa and Europe. While administrative enclaves are found frequently elsewhere, there are no nation-level enclaves in Australia or the Americas.
Enclaved countries
Some enclaves are countries in their own right, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:
- The republic of San Marino, an enclave in Italy
- Vatican City, an enclave in the city of Rome, Italy
- The Kingdom of Lesotho, an enclave in South Africa.
See also
List of countries that border only one other country.
Related constructs and terms
"Practical" enclaves and exclaves and inaccessible districts
Some territories, attached to the motherland by a a thin slice of land or territorial water, are more easily accessible by traveling through a foreign country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves," "pene-exclaves" or "quasi-exclaves".
Areas that are not geographically separated from the rest of the mother country, but do not have adequate transportation links between the territory and its mother country without going through aforeign country are called inaccessible districts.
Subnational enclaves and exclaves
Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, due to historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to a division while being attached to another one.
Ethnic enclaves
Ethnic enclaves are communities of an ethnic group inside an area where another ethnic group predominates. Jewish ghettos and shtetls, barrios and
Chinatowns are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system.
Extraterritoriality
Embassies and military bases are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation the embassy is in do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as extraterritoriality. Areas of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves as they are still part of the host country. In addition to embassies some other areas have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
- Pavillon de Breteuil in France, used by the General Conference on Weights and Measures.
- United Nations headquarters in the United States, used by the United Nations.
- NATO (political) headquarters near Evere in Haren, Belgium, a part of the City of Brussels, Belgium.
- Headquarters Allied Command Operations (NATO) at the area designated as Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), North of Mons, Belgium
- The headquarters of Knights Hospitaller#The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Rome.
- Properties of the Holy See.
Land ceded to a foreign country
Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
- Napoleon's original grave in Longwood, Saint Helena, ceded to France.
- Victor Hugo's house in St Peter Port, Guernsey, ceded to the city of Paris.
- The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Normandy, France which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom gave their lives during the landings and ensuing operations of World War II, ceded to the United States of America.
- About 24 m² of land that surrounds the Alexander Suvorov memorial near Göschenen in central Switzerland, ceded to Russia.
- The Vimy Memorial in France, which commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The French government permanently ceded a land area of about 1 km² to Canada as a war memorial in 1922 in recognition of Canada's military contributions in World War I in general and at Vimy Ridge in particular.
- Numerous Commonwealth WW I cemeteries in Belgium, of which the territory is ceded to the respective country.
- The land under the John F. Kennedy memorial at Runnymede, United Kingdom. Land ceded to the United States of America by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964.
- Two cemeteries on North Carolina's Outer Banks ceded to the United Kingdom. Both contain the graves of British sailors killed in U-Boat attacks during World War II.
- James Cook's grave on Hawaii, ceded to the United Kingdom.
- Ernst Thälmann Island; a Cuba island ceded by Fidel Castro in perpetuity to the German Democratic Republic in 1972. Current status is unclear, due to the GDR's absorption into the reunited Germany
- The Jaber Castle also known as "Türk's Tomb" (Turkish: Türk Mezarı) in Syria is the grave of Suleyman Shah (Turkish: Süleyman Şah). He was father of Ertuğrul, who was in turn, the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. The land is ceded to Turkey by the Treaty of Ankara signed between her and France on 20 October 1921. Turkey has the right to have a squad/section of the army and to hoist the Turkish flag.
- Twintza in Peru. Land ceded to Ecuador without sovereign.
National railway passing through foreign terrirory
Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country criss-cross the new borders. Since railways are much more expensive than roads to rebuild to avoid this problem, the criss-cross arrangement tends to last a long time. With passenger trains this may mean that doors on carriages are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is momentarily in another country.
Examples include:
- Salzburg to Innsbruck (Austria) (passes Rosenheim, Germany).
- Trains from Neugersdorf, Saxony to Zittau pass Czech territory at Varnsdorf, while Czech trains from Varnsdorf to Chrastava pass through German territory at Zittau, and then a small part of Poland territory near the village of Porajów.
- Trains from Görlitz to Zittau, Germany, pass several times the border river Neisse (see Oder-Neisse line); the train station for Ostritz, Germany, lies in Krzewina Zgorzelecka, Poland.
- Vienna to Innsbruck, the straightest route for a high speed line would pass in tunnel under a "knob" of German Territory (see map).
- Una railway (Unska pruga) connecting Zagreb and Split via Bihać crosses border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina many times.
- Belgrade - Bar railway crosses into Bosnia and Herzegovina for 9 km, between stations Zlatibor and Priboj (both in Serbia). There is one station, Štrpci, but there is no border crossing facilities and trains do not call at the station.
- During the era of the Iron Curtain, local trains between the north and south of Burgenland in Austria operated as "corridor trains" (Korridorzüge) along the border with Hungary – they had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory (Győr-Sopron County it was then).
- The line from Ventimiglia Italy to Limone Piemonte Italy via Breil sur Roya France
- Similarly, during the Cold War, underground lines in West Berlin ran under parts of East Berlin. Ghost stations (German language: Geisterbahnhöfe) were stations on Berlin's Berlin U-Bahn and Berlin S-Bahn metro networks that were closed during this period of Berlin's division.
- The Belgian Vennbahn lies on a narrow strip of Belgian territory running through Germany, creating 5 German exclaves.
- The railway between France and Monaco briefly leaves France to enter Monaco before entering France once more. This takes place underground for around 150 metres.
Also, borders have occasionally been shifted for the purpose of avoiding this sort of arrangement. The best-known example is the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States bought land from Mexico on which it was planned to build a southern route for the transcontinental railroad. Due to the topography of the area, acquisition of the new land by New Mexico and Arizona would have been the only feasible way to construct such a railroad in the South.
National highway passing through foreign territory
This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned as noted above. Examples include:
- Congo Pedicle road: built to provide access for Zambia's Luapula Province to the Copperbelt through 70 km of territory of the DR Congo, requiring a change in driving on the left to driving on the right.
- Between 1963 and 2002 the N274 road from Roermond to Heerlen, part of Dutch territory, passed through the German Selfkant, which had been annexed by the Netherlands after the Second World War but returned to Germany in 1963.
Notes
See also
External links
- Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world
- Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
- exclave.info
- 'Tangled Territories' 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in hidden europe magazine
- Barry Smith's Baarle Site
In political geography, an enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country,{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enclave|title=6 results for: enclave|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2007-01-09--> and an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/exclave|title=4 results for: exclave|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2007-01-09--> Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but not all are simultaneously both.
Origin and usage
The word enclave crept into the jargon of diplomacy rather late in English language, in 1868, coming from French language, the lingua franca of diplomacy, with a sense inherited from late Latin inclavatus meaning 'shut in, locked up" (with a key, late Latin clavis). The word exclave is a logical extension created three decades later.
Although the meanings of both words are close, an exclave may not necessarily be an enclave or vice versa. For example, Kaliningrad, an exclave of Russia, is not an enclave because it is surrounded not by one state, but by two: Lithuania and Poland; it also borders the Baltic Sea. On the other hand, Lesotho is an enclave in South Africa, but it is not politically attached to anything else, meaning that it is not an exclave.
In United Kingdom administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments. In England ecclesiology history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also Royal Peculiar).
A country almost surrounded by another but having access to the sea is not considered to be an enclave. For this reason, The Gambia is not an enclave of Senegal.
Usage in other fields
In medicine, an exclave is a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.
Characteristics
Enclaves may be created for a variety of historical, political or geographical reasons. Some areas have been left as enclaves simply due to changes in the course of a river.
Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed.
Many exclaves today have an independence movement, especially if the exclave is far away from the mainland.
True enclaves
See List of enclaves and exclaves.
This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering one particular other country. The best-known example was West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, which was de facto a West Germany exclave within East Germany, and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters). De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription.
Most of the enclaves now existing are to be found in Asia, with a handful in Africa and Europe. While administrative enclaves are found frequently elsewhere, there are no nation-level enclaves in Australia or the Americas.
Enclaved countries
Some enclaves are countries in their own right, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:
- The republic of San Marino, an enclave in Italy
- Vatican City, an enclave in the city of Rome, Italy
- The Kingdom of Lesotho, an enclave in South Africa.
See also List of countries that border only one other country.
Related constructs and terms
"Practical" enclaves and exclaves and inaccessible districts
Some territories, attached to the motherland by a a thin slice of land or territorial water, are more easily accessible by traveling through a foreign country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves," "pene-exclaves" or "quasi-exclaves".
Areas that are not geographically separated from the rest of the mother country, but do not have adequate transportation links between the territory and its mother country without going through aforeign country are called inaccessible districts.
Subnational enclaves and exclaves
Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, due to historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to a division while being attached to another one.
- Jervis Bay Territory in Australia is in some but not all administrative respects an exclave of the Australian Capital Territory.
Ethnic enclaves
Ethnic enclaves are communities of an ethnic group inside an area where another ethnic group predominates. Jewish ghettos and shtetls, barrios and Chinatowns are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system.
Extraterritoriality
Embassies and military bases are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation the embassy is in do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as extraterritoriality. Areas of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves as they are still part of the host country. In addition to embassies some other areas have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
Land ceded to a foreign country
Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality.
Examples of this include:
- Napoleon's original grave in Longwood, Saint Helena, ceded to France.
- Victor Hugo's house in St Peter Port, Guernsey, ceded to the city of Paris.
- The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Normandy, France which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom gave their lives during the landings and ensuing operations of World War II, ceded to the United States of America.
- About 24 m² of land that surrounds the Alexander Suvorov memorial near Göschenen in central Switzerland, ceded to Russia.
- The Vimy Memorial in France, which commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The French government permanently ceded a land area of about 1 km² to Canada as a war memorial in 1922 in recognition of Canada's military contributions in World War I in general and at Vimy Ridge in particular.
- Numerous Commonwealth WW I cemeteries in Belgium, of which the territory is ceded to the respective country.
- The land under the John F. Kennedy memorial at Runnymede, United Kingdom. Land ceded to the United States of America by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964.
- Two cemeteries on North Carolina's Outer Banks ceded to the United Kingdom. Both contain the graves of British sailors killed in U-Boat attacks during World War II.
- James Cook's grave on Hawaii, ceded to the United Kingdom.
- Ernst Thälmann Island; a Cuba island ceded by Fidel Castro in perpetuity to the German Democratic Republic in 1972. Current status is unclear, due to the GDR's absorption into the reunited Germany
- The Jaber Castle also known as "Türk's Tomb" (Turkish: Türk Mezarı) in Syria is the grave of Suleyman Shah (Turkish: Süleyman Şah). He was father of Ertuğrul, who was in turn, the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. The land is ceded to Turkey by the Treaty of Ankara signed between her and France on 20 October 1921. Turkey has the right to have a squad/section of the army and to hoist the Turkish flag.
- Twintza in Peru. Land ceded to Ecuador without sovereign.
National railway passing through foreign terrirory
Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country criss-cross the new borders. Since railways are much more expensive than roads to rebuild to avoid this problem, the criss-cross arrangement tends to last a long time. With passenger trains this may mean that doors on carriages are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is momentarily in another country.
Examples include:
- Salzburg to Innsbruck (Austria) (passes Rosenheim, Germany).
- Trains from Neugersdorf, Saxony to Zittau pass Czech territory at Varnsdorf, while Czech trains from Varnsdorf to Chrastava pass through German territory at Zittau, and then a small part of Poland territory near the village of Porajów.
- Trains from Görlitz to Zittau, Germany, pass several times the border river Neisse (see Oder-Neisse line); the train station for Ostritz, Germany, lies in Krzewina Zgorzelecka, Poland.
- Vienna to Innsbruck, the straightest route for a high speed line would pass in tunnel under a "knob" of German Territory (see map).
- Una railway (Unska pruga) connecting Zagreb and Split via Bihać crosses border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina many times.
- Belgrade - Bar railway crosses into Bosnia and Herzegovina for 9 km, between stations Zlatibor and Priboj (both in Serbia). There is one station, Štrpci, but there is no border crossing facilities and trains do not call at the station.
- During the era of the Iron Curtain, local trains between the north and south of Burgenland in Austria operated as "corridor trains" (Korridorzüge) along the border with Hungary – they had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory (Győr-Sopron County it was then).
- The line from Ventimiglia Italy to Limone Piemonte Italy via Breil sur Roya France
- Similarly, during the Cold War, underground lines in West Berlin ran under parts of East Berlin. Ghost stations (German language: Geisterbahnhöfe) were stations on Berlin's Berlin U-Bahn and Berlin S-Bahn metro networks that were closed during this period of Berlin's division.
- The Belgian Vennbahn lies on a narrow strip of Belgian territory running through Germany, creating 5 German exclaves.
- The railway between France and Monaco briefly leaves France to enter Monaco before entering France once more. This takes place underground for around 150 metres.
Also, borders have occasionally been shifted for the purpose of avoiding this sort of arrangement. The best-known example is the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States bought land from Mexico on which it was planned to build a southern route for the transcontinental railroad. Due to the topography of the area, acquisition of the new land by New Mexico and Arizona would have been the only feasible way to construct such a railroad in the South.
National highway passing through foreign territory
This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned as noted above. Examples include:
- Congo Pedicle road: built to provide access for Zambia's Luapula Province to the Copperbelt through 70 km of territory of the DR Congo, requiring a change in driving on the left to driving on the right.
- Between 1963 and 2002 the N274 road from Roermond to Heerlen, part of Dutch territory, passed through the German Selfkant, which had been annexed by the Netherlands after the Second World War but returned to Germany in 1963.
Notes
See also
External links
- Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world
- Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
- exclave.info
- 'Tangled Territories' 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in hidden europe magazine
- Barry Smith's Baarle Site
Enclave and exclave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In political geography, an enclave is a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory. [1] An exclave, on the other hand, is a ...
Enclave and exclave - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Enclave ...
Portion of a state within the boundaries of another. To the proprietor state the enclave is known as its exclave. Examples of enclaves are: the former Cabinda enclave of Angola;
Enclave and exclave - definition of Enclave and exclave in the Medical ...
enclave /en·clave/ (en´klav) tissue detached from its normal connection and enclosed within another organ. en·clave (n kl v, n-) n. A detached mass of tissue enclosed in tissue ...
List of enclaves and exclaves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but ...
enclave - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about enclave
Portion of a state within the boundaries of another. To the proprietor state the enclave is known as its exclave. Examples of enclaves are: the former Cabinda enclave of Angola;
enclave - definition of enclave by the Free Online Dictionary ...
en·clave (n kl v, n-) n. 1. A country or part of a country lying wholly within the ... Enclave and exclave Enclave and exclave Enclave and exclave Enclave Boundary Connection Rules
Exclaves and enclaves
Enclaves, exclaves and the likes. Since my childhood I have been interested in international politics and geography. For many years I have also studied enclave and exclave topics.
Enclave
In human geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally enclosed within a foreign territory. If another country has sovereignty over it, it may also be called an exclave ...
enclave - Wiktionary
enclave (plural enclaves) A political, cultural or social entity or part thereof ... C is A's enclave and B's exclave.
Enclave and exclave encyclopedia topics | Reference.com
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